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Tiếng Anh 10 Unit 9 (Global Success): Protecting The Environment

Posted on by Ngoại ngữ Phương Lan
tiếng anh lớp 10
06
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1.TÓM TẮT KIẾN THỨC UNIT 9

*REPORTED SPEECH ( LỜI NÓI TƯỜNG THUẬT, GIÁN TIẾP)

  1. Definition

Lời nói gián tiếp là lời nói thuật lại ý của người nói, thông tin đi từ người thứ nhất qua người thứ hai đến người thứ ba. Trong lời nói gián tiếp thì cấu trúc câu có sự biến đổi về mặt ngữ pháp.

E.g

Trực tiếp: He said,”I am a student.”

Gián tiếp: He said (that) he was a student.

  1. Types of sentences in reported speech ( các loại câu trong lời nói gián tiếp)
  2. Statements ( Câu kể/ Câu trần thuật)

Câu trần thuật là kiểu câu dùng để kể, xác nhận, miêu tả, thông báo, nhận định, trình bày về những hiện tượng, những hoạt động, trạng thái, tính chất trong thực tế.

E.g: “Mary said,” I am watching TV”

– Khi chuyển một câu trần thuật trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta phải thực hiện như sau:

+ Dùng động từ say hoặc tell:

S + say/ say to sb/ tell sb (that) + S + ……

Form:

+ Đổi các đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu, …..sao cho tương ứng với mệnh đề chính

E.g:

Trực tiếp: Nga said,”I am reading books.”

Gián tiếp: Nga said (that) she was reading books.

Trực tiếp: She said, “My brother is a doctor”.

Gián tiếp: She said (that) her brother was a doctor.

+ Thay đổi “thì” của động từ

– “thì” của động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi thì:

S + said/ said to sb/ told sb (that) + S + V( lùi thì )…..

Form:

Sau đây là bảng chỉ sự thay đổi “thì” của động từ trong lời nói Gián tiếp.

Lời nói trực tiếp ( Direct speech) Lời nói gián tiếp ( Reported speech)
Hiện tại đơn

He said, “I work in a bank.”

 Quá khứ đơn

-> He said (that) he worked in a bank

 
Hiện tại tiếp diễn

Nam said, I am talking to my brother.”

 

 Quá khứ tiếp diễn

-> Nam said (that) he was talking to his brother.
Hiện tại hoàn thành

Mr Ha said, “ I have bought a computer.”

 

 Quá khứ hoàn thành

-> Mr Ha said (that) he had bought a computer.
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn

He said, “I have been waiting for you for 2 hours.”

 

 Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn

-> Ha said (that) he/ she had been waiting for me for 2 hours.

 
Quá khứ đơn

She said, “ I did the exercise.”

 

 Quá khứ hoàn thành

-> She said (that) she had done the exercise.

 

 
Tương lai đơn

She said, “I did the exercise.”

 

 Tương lai trong quá khứ

-> My mother said (that) she would visit Hue city.
Tương lai tiếp diễn

He said, “I will be sitting at the café.”

 

 Tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ

-> He said (that) he would be sitting at the café.

 
Tương lai gần ( Is/ am/ are going to do)

They said, “ We are going to build a new house.”

 

 Was/ were going to do

-> They said (that) they were going to build a new house.

 
Can/ may/ must do

He said, “ I must do my homework.”

 

 Could/ might/ had to do

-> He said (that) he had to do his homework.

+ Thay đổi tính từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn

Lời nói trực tiếp ( Direct speech) Lời nói gián tiếp ( Reported speech )
This/ These That/ Those
Here There
Now Then
Today That day
Ago Before
Tomorrow The next day/  the following day/ the day after
The day after tomorrow Two days after/ in two day’s time
Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
The day before yesterday Two days before
Last week The previous week/ the week before
Next week The next week/ the following week/ the week after

E.g:

Trực tiếp: She said, “ I saw him here in this room yesterday.”

Gián tiếp: She said (that) she had seen him there in that room the day before/ the previous day.

Ngoài quy tắc chung trên đây thì cần nhớ rằng tình huống thật và thời gian khi hành động được thuật lại đóng vai trò rất quan trọng trong khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp.

*Note:

– “should, ought to, would” giữ nguyên trong lời nói gián tiếp.

– Động từ “tell” phải có tân ngữ.

E.g: She told me that he was a student.

– Động từ “say” có thể có tân ngữ hoặc không. Nếu muốn đề cập đến người nghe, ta dùng “to”

E.g: She said to me that she was doing the housework.

  1. Questions ( câu hỏi )

Câu hỏi được chia làm loại:

+  Yes/ No questions ( câu hỏi yes/ No ):

– Câu hỏi yes/ no là loại câu hỏi được trả lời bằng  yes/ no.

E.g

Are you a doctor?

Does he live here?

– Để chuyển một hỏi yes/ no từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:

S1 + asked + (O) + IF/ WHETHER + S2 + V (lùi thì)….

 – Tân ngữ sau động từ “ask” có thể có hoặc không.

E.g

Trực tiếp: Miss Nga said, “Are you a foreigner?”

Gián tiếp: Miss Nga asked (me) if/ whether I was a foreigner.

Trực tiếp: “Does John understand music? He asked.

Gián tiếp: He asked (me) if/ whether John understood music.

+ WH – questions ( Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi )

–  Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi là loại câu hỏi mà người hỏi muốn biết thêm thông tin và cần được giải đáp.

E.g

What are you doing now?

Where did you go yesterday?

– Để chuyển câu hỏi có từ để hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:

S1 + asked + (O) + WH – (when, where, how….) + S2 + V ( lùi thì)…..

E.g

Trực tiếp: “ What is your name?” He asked.

Gián tiếp: He asked (me) what my name was.

  1. Imperatives (Câu mệnh lệnh ):

Câu mệnh lệnh là loại câu dùng để yêu cầu/ đề nghị người khác làm gì đó.

Cách nhận biết câu mệnh lệnh:

Câu mệnh lệnh thường được bắt đầu bằng:

– Động từ ( V )

E.g

Open the windows, please. Hoặc please open the windows. ( Từ “please” có thề được thêm vào đầu hoặc cuối câu để tạo ra sự lịch sự.)

– Don’t + V …… ( Mệnh lệnh ở phủ định )

E.g

Don’t smoke in the room.

– Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you + S + V …..? ( Chỉ yêu cầu lịch sự )

E.g: Can you lend me some books? ( Bạn có thể cho tôi mượn một vài quyển sách được không ?)

Để chuyển câu hỏi có từ để hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:

S + told/ asked/ ordered + O + (not) + to V +…….

E.g

Trực tiếp: The teacher said to students ‘ Close the door, please”.

Gián tiếp: The teacher asked/ told students to close the door.

Note: Trong câu mệnh lệnh thì bắt buộc phải có tân ngữ ( người nghe ) nên chúng ta cần tìm tân ngữ trong câu.

Các cách để tìm tân ngữ:

– Đối với những câu mà đề bài đã cho sẵn thì ta chỉ việc lấy đó mà sử dụng.

E.g

Trực tiếp: Lan said to Hung: “Open your book.” ( Hung là tân ngữ )

Gián tiếp: Lan told/ asked Hung to open his book.

– Đối với những câu mà người nghe được đặt ở vị trí cuối câu ( có dấu phẩy trước người nghe) thì ta lấy đó sử dụng .

E.g

 Trực tiếp: “ Help me clean the house, Nga”. Said Hung ( Nga là tân ngữ )

Gián tiếp: Hung asked. Told nga to help her clean the house.

– Đối với những câu mà không có người nghe được nhắc đến phía ngoài dấu ngoặc và không tìm thấy ở cuối câu thì ta xem xét phía trước người nói có tính từ sở hữu hay không. Nếu có thì ta lấy đó làm tân ngữ.

E.g

Trực tiếp: Her mother said: “Don’t talk loudly in the room.” ( mẹ của cô ấy => người nghe là cô ấy, tân ngữ là her)

Gián tiếp: Her mother asked/ told her not to talk loudly in the room.

– Đối với những câu mà không thể tìm được tân ngữ theo 3 cách trên thì dùng “me” ( tôi ) làm tân ngữ ( người nghe )

E.g

Trực tiếp: Lan said:”Go home work.”

Gián tiếp: Lan asked/ told me to go home then.

  1. Một số trường hợp không thay đổi “thì” của động từ

– Động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn ( say/ says ), hiện tại tiếp diễn ( is/ are saying ); hiện tại hoàn thành “ ( have said/ has said ); tương lai đơn ( will say )

Trực tiếp: Tom says, “ I am fine “.

Gián tiếp: Tom says he is fine. ( Tom nói anh ấy khỏe )

– Lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, sự thật hiển nhiên.

Trực tiếp: He said, “ The sun rises in the East.”

Gián tiếp: He said ( that ) the sun sises in the East.

– Lời nói trực tiếp là các câu điều kiện loại II và III

Trực tiếp: “ If I were you, I would meet her” he said.

Gián tiếp: He said that if he were me, he would meet her.

– Lời nói trực tiếp là cấu trúc “ Wish + past simple/ past perfect”

Trực tiếp: “ I wish I lived in Ho Chi Minh City”, she said.

Gián tiếp: She said she wished he lived in Ho Chi Minh City.

– Cấu trúc “ It’s time the children went to school”, she said.

Gián tiếp: She said it was time the children went to school.

– Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ khiếm khuyết ( could/ would/ should/ might/ ought to/ had better/ used to….)

Trực tiếp: Miss Lan said, “ you should study hard.”

Gián tiếp: Miss Lan said I should study hard.

BÀI TẬP 

  1. Phonetics and Speaking

Question 1. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. disposal
  2. animal
  3. energy
  4. poverty

Question 2. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. awareness
  2. solution
  3. importance
  4. happiness

Question 3. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. origin
  2. dependence
  3. harmony
  4. factory

Question 4. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. replacement
  2. pollutant
  3. resident
  4. depletion

Question 5. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. instrument
  2. engineer
  3. newsletter
  4. family

Question 6. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. environment
  2. pollution
  3. influence
  4. removal

Question 7. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. depletion
  2. preserving
  3. chemical
  4. disposal

Question 8. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. animal
  2. protection
  3. confusion
  4. disaster

Question 9. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. neighborhood
  2. pollutant
  3. energy
  4. scientist

Question 10. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. factory
  2. extinction
  3. resources
  4. awareness

Question 11. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. vehicle
  2. musical
  3. article
  4. reduction

Question 12. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. consumption
  2. chemical
  3. neighborhood
  4. pesticide

Question 13. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. volunteer
  2. charity
  3. vegetable
  4. injury

Question 14. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. erosion
  2. atmosphere
  3. resources
  4. confusion

Question 15. Mark the letter A, B, C, or to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each question

  1. scientist
  2. consequence
  3. detergent
  4. influence

Question 16. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each question

  1. newsletter
  2. preservation
  3. greenhouse
  4. result

Question 17. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each question

  1. focus
  2. topic
  3. most
  4. follow

Question 18. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each question

  1. threats
  2. stages
  3. levels
  4. ideas

Question 19. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each question

  1. environmental
  2. depletion
  3. melt
  4. chemical

Question 20. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each question

  1. pollution
  2. destruction
  3. consumption
  4. reduction

Vocabulary and Grammar

Question 1. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

The number of inhabitants on the planet ____ arriving at unsustainable levels as it confronts deficiency of assets like water, fuel and food.

  1. is
  2. are
  3. have been
  4. had been

Question 2. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Consumption of fossil fuels at an alarming rate can ____ to global warming which can further result in melting of polar ice caps and increase in sea levels.

  1. lead
  2. drive
  3. attach
  4. run

Question 3. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Radioactive waste is considered ____ harmful for humans, plants, animals and surrounding environment.

  1. to be
  2. be
  3. being
  4. been

Question 4. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Modern day agriculture practices ____ chemical products like pesticides and fertilizers to deal with local pests.

  1. have a use for
  2. find a use for
  3. make use of
  4. come into use

Question 5. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Noise pollution is a common form of pollution that causes temporary disruption ____ there is excessive amount of unpleasant noise.

  1. where
  2. that
  3. how
  4. when

Question 6. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Burning yard waste releases mold spores, soot, and other contaminants that can aggravate allergies and cause ____ problems.

  1. respirator
  2. respiration
  3. respiratory
  4. respired

Question 7. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Waste from industrial and agricultural ____ pollutes the water that is used by humans, animals and plants.

  1. acts
  2. actions
  3. interactions
  4. activities

Question 8. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Land pollution can have huge environmental impact ____ the form of air pollution and soil pollution which in turn can have adverse effect on human health.

  1. on
  2. in
  3. to
  4. with

Question 9. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Fossil fuel utilization brings about discharge of greenhouse gases, _______ causes environmental change.

  1. which
  2. that
  3. it
  4. they

Question 10. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

At present, timberlands cover 30% of the area, but wooded areas are being lost ____ a regular basis because people are looking for homes, food, and materials.

  1. by
  2. with
  3. at
  4. on

Question 11. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Landfills are generated due to large amount of waste that is generated ____ households, industries and healthcare centers every day.

  1. for
  2. in
  3. at
  4. by

Question 12. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

The ozone layer is an invisible layer of protection around the planet that protects us ____ the sun’s harmful rays.

  1. away with
  2. from
  3. under
  4. out of

Question 13. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Depletion of the crucial Ozone layer of the atmosphere is ____ to pollution caused by Chlorine and Bromide found in Chlorofloro carbons (CFC’s).

  1. attributed
  2. subjected
  3. indebted
  4. entitled

Question 14. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Recycling minimizes the need for raw materials ____ the rainforests can be preserved.

  1. so
  2. so that
  3. such that
  4. that

Question 15. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

As the human population grows and grows, natural resources are being used at a rapid rate, and large areas of forest are being converted ____ human use.

  1. for
  2. to
  3. into
  4. in

Question 16. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

By using the environment sustainably, the environment and the natural resources ____ provides will not be depleted or destroyed permanently – and will be available for human use for a very long time.

  1. that
  2. which
  3. what
  4. it

Question 17. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Preservationists believe that humans can have access to the land, but they should only utilize it for ____ natural beauty and inspiration.

  1. the
  2. their
  3. its
  4. those

Question 18. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

To help save the environment, try ____ energy and water consumption, changing your eating and transportation habits to conserve natural resources, and adapting your home and yard to be more environmentally friendly.

  1. decrease
  2. to decrease
  3. decreased
  4. decreasing

Question 19. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Acid rain can be caused due to combustion of fossil fuels or erupting volcanoes or rotting vegetation which ____ sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

  1. release
  2. releases
  3. is releasing
  4. have released

Question 20. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.

Deforestation simply means clearing of the green cover and making that land available ____ residential, industrial or commercial purpose.

  1. on
  2. by
  3. for
  4. to

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